The
Evolution of Computer Languages
(A Brief
History- Part-II)
The Era of
OOPs Begins Here:
C++
The Era
of OOPs begins the mid-1980s . The C++ language, was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at
AT&T in the extended C by adding objects to it while preserving
the efficiency of C programs.
Many
operating systems were written in C++. C++, along with Java, has become popular
for developing commercial software packages that incorporate multiple
interrelated applications. C++ is considered one of the fastest languages and
is very close to low-level languages, thus C# (pronounced C sharp like
the musical note) was developed by Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft in 2000. C#
has a syntax similar to that of C and C++ and is often used for developing
games and applications for the Microsoft Windows operating system.
Click Me to Explore
Detailed description of the Computer and its Components.
(Input Units)
A Complete and Detailed Definition with examples of Output
Devices (New Tech based)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Latest Enquiries
Memory Unit (I/O) Devices by Farrukh
The Basic Terminologies of Computer by Md. Farrukh Asif
Generation of Computer by Md. Farrukh Asif
The Evolution of Computer Languages(Part-I) by Md. Farrukh
Asif
The Evolution of Computer Languages(Part-II) by Md. Farrukh
Asif
Computer Network Topologies
By Md. Farrukh Asif
Communication Protocols
by “Md Farrukh Asif”
Basic Computer's Features and Use by Md. Farrukh Asif
Operating System and its Functionality: by Md. Farrukh Asif
Batch OS and Time Sharing OS by Md. Farrukh Asif
Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): Explained Simply
The Wider
Use of Microkernel and its Components in OS
Fundamentals of Computer MCQs with Answers
Ada
Ada was
named for Augusta Ada King, the countess of Lovelace, who was an assistant to
the 19th-century English inventor Charles Babbage and is sometimes called
the first computer programmer. Ada, the language, was developed in the early 1980s
for the U.S. Department of Defense for large-scale programming.
Java
In the early
1990s Java was designed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., as a
programming language for the World Wide Web (WWW). Although it
resembled C++ in appearance, it was object-oriented. In particular, Java
dispensed with lower-level features, including the ability to manipulate data
addresses, a capability that is neither desirable nor useful in programs for
distributed systems. To be portable,
Visual Basic
Visual Basic
was developed by Microsoft to extend the capabilities of BASIC by adding
objects and “event-driven” programming: buttons, menus, and other elements
of graphical user interfaces
(GUIs). Visual Basic can also be used within other Microsoft software to
program small routines. Visual Basic was succeeded in 2002 by Visual Basic. NET.
Python
The
open-source language Python was developed by Dutch programmer Guido van Rossum
in 1991. It was designed as an easy-to-use language, with features such as
using indentation instead of brackets to group statements. Python is
also a very compact language, designed so that complex jobs can be executed
with only a few statements. In the 2010s.
Declarative
languages
Declarative
languages, also called nonprocedural or very high-level, are programming
languages in which (ideally) a program specifies what is to be done rather than
how to do it.
Scripting
languages
Scripting
languages are sometimes called little languages. They are intended to solve
relatively small programming problems that do not require the overhead of data
declarations and other features needed to make large programs manageable.
Scripting
languages are used for writing operating system utilities, for
special-purpose file-manipulation programs, and, because they are easy to
learn, sometimes for considerably larger programs.
Perl was
developed in the late 1980s, originally for use with the UNIX operating
system.
Document
formatting languages
Document formatting
languages specify the organization of printed text and graphics. They fall into
several classes: text formatting notation that can serve the same functions as
a word processing program, page description languages that are
interpreted by a printing device, and, most generally, markup languages.
TeX
TeX was
developed during 1977–86 as a text formatting language by Donald Knuth,
a Stanford University professor, to improve the quality of
mathematical notation in his books. Text formatting systems, unlike WYSIWYG
(“What You See Is What You Get”) word processors, embed plain text
formatting commands in a document, which are then interpreted by the language
processor to produce a formatted document for display or printing. TeX marks
italic text, for example, as {\it this is italicized}, which is then displayed
as this is italicized.
PostScript
PostScript is
a page-description language developed in the early 1980s by Adobe Systems
Incorporated based on work at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto
Research Center). Such languages describe documents in terms that can be
interpreted by a personal computer to display the document on its
screen or by a microprocessor in a printer or a typesetting device.
SGML
SGML (Standard
Generalized Markup Language) is an international standard for the definition of
markup languages; that is, it is a metalanguage. Markup consists of notations
called tags that specify the function of a piece of text or how it is to be displayed.
SGML emphasizes descriptive markup, in which a tag might be “<emphasis>.”
Such a markup denotes the document function, and it could be interpreted as
reverse video on a computer screen, underlining by a typewriter, or italics in
typeset text.
World Wide
Web Display Languages
HTML
The World
Wide Web is a system for displaying text, graphics, and audio retrieved
over the Internet on a computer monitor. Each retrieval unit is known
as a Web page, and such pages frequently contain “links” that allow related
pages to be retrieved. HTML (hypertext markup language)
is the markup language for encoding Web pages. It was designed
by Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN nuclear physics laboratory
in Switzerland during the 1980s and is defined by an SGML DTD. HTML markup tags
specify document elements such as headings, paragraphs, and tables. They mark
up a document for display by a computer program known as a Web
browser. The browser interprets the tags, displaying the headings, paragraphs,
and tables in a layout that is adapted to the screen size and fonts
available to it.
HTML
documents also contain anchors, which are tags
that specify links to other Web pages. An anchor has the form <A HREF=
“http://www.britannica.com”> Encyclopedia Britannica</A>, where the
quoted string is the URL (uniform resource locator) to which the link points
(the Web “address”),, and the text following it is what appears in a Web browser,
underlined to show that it is a link to another page. What is displayed as a
single page may also be formed from multiple URLs, some containing text and
others graphics.
XML
HTML does
not allow one to define new text elements; that is, it is not extensible. XML (extensible
markup language) is a simplified form of SGML intended for documents that are
published on the Web. Like SGML, XML uses DTDs to define document types and the
meanings of tags used in them. XML adopts conventions that make it
easy to parse, such as that document entities are marked by both a beginning
and an ending tag, such as <BEGIN>…</BEGIN>. XML provides more
kinds of hypertext links than HTML, such as bidirectional links and links
relative to a document subsection.
Web Scripting
Web pages
marked up with HTML or XML are largely static documents. Web scripting can add
information to a page as a reader uses it or let the reader enter information
that may, for example, be passed on to the order department of an online
business. CGI (common gateway interface) provides one mechanism;
it transmits requests and responses between the reader’s Web browser
and the Web server that provides the page.
Another
approach is to use a language designed for Web scripts to be executed by the
browser. JavaScript is one
such language.
VB Script is
a subset of Visual Basic. Originally developed for Microsoft’s Office suite of
programs, it was later used for Web scripting as well. Its capabilities are
similar to those of JavaScript, and it may be embedded in HTML in the same fashion.
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